History of African Americans

The readings that are going to be discussed in the paper tell the history of African Americans, their struggles for civil rights, and their integration into the social and political life of the country. The examples provided by the authors illustrate how a certain ethnic or racial group may be discriminated by the society and how they can become an inseparable part of the society.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on History of African Americans specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This progress can be explained by the political activism of black people. These are the main issues that should be discussed in more detail. To a great extent, they are essential for understanding the history of the United States. The history of African Americans is described by David Levinson and Melvin Ember. These scholars eloquently demonstrate that black people were often denied the right to humanity and for a long time the government was unofficially opposed to their integration into the community, especially at the time when the policy of segregation was adopted (Levinson and Ember 255). Very often they were excluded from political life of the community. Nevertheless, the collective effort of African Americans led to the elimination of official barriers that prevented these people from becoming full citizens of the United States. Their political activism led to the creation of the term African American which indicates that these people defended their right to be a part of American community. Nevertheless, one should not suppose that the socio-economic conditions of black people are not affected by the legacies of racism in the United States. For example, Ellis Cashmore acknowledges African Americans have achieved success in such areas as politics, economy, or army (231). Still, the studies indicate that black people may be discriminated in the workplace or courts. Certainly, the laws of the United States officially prohibit any form of racial prejudice. However, this bias can still affect the opinions and decisions of many people. This is one of the main issues that people should take into account. Apart from that, these reading show how a racial or ethnic group can integrate themselves into the political system of the country. In particular, James Jennings shows that in the early eighties, black community became critical for the success of politicians and they had to consider the interests of these people. Moreover, a great number of black people entered the House of Representatives and Senate.Advertising Looking for essay on ethnicity studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This progress enabled many black people to voice their opinions about the policies of the state. So, they were better able to affect the decisions taken by the government. Moreover, one should note that African-American politicians enjoy popularity among many vote rs who can be both black and white. Therefore, one can argue that the political power of African Americans has increased in the course of the twentieth century. Overall, there are several trends identified in the readings. First of all, in the course of American history, the government was rather unwilling to change its attitude toward black people. Only their political activism and unanimity enabled them to achieve a higher status within American society. Nevertheless, one should note that unofficial racism may still exist and it may affect the lives of African Americans. The questions identified in the readings are vital for understanding social or political issues relevant to American society because the population of the country grows in part because of immigrants who may come from different regions of the world. Works Cited Cashmore, Ellis. â€Å"African Americans†. Encyclopedia of Race and Ethnic Studies. Ed. Ernest Cashmore and Ellis Cashmore. New York: Routledge, 2008 . 231-232. Print. Levinson David and M. Ember. â€Å"African Americans.† American Immigrant Cultures: Builders of a Nation, Ed. David Levinson and Melvin Ember. New York: Macmillan 1997. 255-262. Print. This essay on History of African Americans was written and submitted by user Kristopher Barr to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Canadian Foreign Policy

Does Canada have an Independent Foreign Policy? Canada, a Nation Ahead of it’s Time? The question regarding â€Å"Does Canada have an independent foreign policy?† must first be deconstructed before it can be answered. Firstly, the nation of ‘Canada’ must be defined. Canada is the north most nation of North America, formerly a colony of both Britain and France contributing to multilingual culture, with a wide array of environmental landscapes, on either side of the nation are the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. The country is comprised of 10 provinces and 3 territories and has a population of approximately 31,499,560 (Statistics Canada). Secondly the word ‘Independent’ must be defined, Webster’s 10th Collegiate Dictionary defines it as: Not governed by a foreign power; self-governing. This definition must be expanded to say that independent includes a free will of the government to conduct foreign affairs as they feel is in the best interests of the people who reside in the country. Finally and most importantly ‘Foreign p olicy must be defined. Webster's 10th Collegiate Dictionary defines 'foreign policy' as "the policy of a sovereign state in its interaction with other sovereign states." Sovereign means having absolute power within a limited scope: the borders of a country. Foreign policy can further be expressed as the diplomatic strings which hold this world together. The actions of one state affect the people in other states. The best example of the actions of states being affected by other nation’s policy is with regards to war. When a country is at war, even if it is civil war it affects other states because of things like refugees fleeing a war torn homeland in hope for a peaceful settlement. It also affects countries with operations inside the war torn country. This example illustrates that the actions of one states policy affects others. These explanations of the key terms in the question regarding wh... Free Essays on Canadian Foreign Policy Free Essays on Canadian Foreign Policy Does Canada have an Independent Foreign Policy? Canada, a Nation Ahead of it’s Time? The question regarding â€Å"Does Canada have an independent foreign policy?† must first be deconstructed before it can be answered. Firstly, the nation of ‘Canada’ must be defined. Canada is the north most nation of North America, formerly a colony of both Britain and France contributing to multilingual culture, with a wide array of environmental landscapes, on either side of the nation are the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. The country is comprised of 10 provinces and 3 territories and has a population of approximately 31,499,560 (Statistics Canada). Secondly the word ‘Independent’ must be defined, Webster’s 10th Collegiate Dictionary defines it as: Not governed by a foreign power; self-governing. This definition must be expanded to say that independent includes a free will of the government to conduct foreign affairs as they feel is in the best interests of the people who reside in the country. Finally and most importantly ‘Foreign p olicy must be defined. Webster's 10th Collegiate Dictionary defines 'foreign policy' as "the policy of a sovereign state in its interaction with other sovereign states." Sovereign means having absolute power within a limited scope: the borders of a country. Foreign policy can further be expressed as the diplomatic strings which hold this world together. The actions of one state affect the people in other states. The best example of the actions of states being affected by other nation’s policy is with regards to war. When a country is at war, even if it is civil war it affects other states because of things like refugees fleeing a war torn homeland in hope for a peaceful settlement. It also affects countries with operations inside the war torn country. This example illustrates that the actions of one states policy affects others. These explanations of the key terms in the question regarding wh...

Organic is the solution Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Organic is the solution - Research Paper Example Over the years, consumer behavior has been observed that seeks low prices for food items as consumers spend more money frequently on food items as compared to any other product. This has created a huge demand for inorganic foods in the market. The purpose of this report is to provide useful information about the use and availability of organic food items. In this action research report, findings from a personal visit to Wal-Mart store are presented regarding availability and other factors affecting sale of organic foods. This would allow generalization of findings related to lower demand for organic foods and also, set out recommendations for boosting their consumption. A general understanding about organic foods is that they cost more than inorganic foods to purchase. There are several reasons for organic foods to be more expensive. These are not only related to the cost of production, but also to various factors, which indirectly affect production of organic foods. Limited availabi lity of land restricts supply, which causes rises in price. Low turnover per employee working on the farm results in higher costs of production. Limited supply has direct effect on the transportation and distribution costs (FAO). In the US, organic food producers are required to obtain a certificate from US Department of Agriculture, which is very expensive to attain. The pre-requisites of this certificate require producers to have new equipment and methods to ensure consumer safety and maintain the standards of quality (Canavari and Olson). This adds to the costs of producing organic foods. At Wal-Mart, the phenomenon of higher costs and pricing is observed. The data for different food items both organic and non-organic are compared and it is clear that for the same product the price of organically produced item is higher than that of non-organic foods. For example, at Wal-mart, Avocados-Hass (non-organic) is sold at a price of $0.99 per unit; whereas, the price of Avocados-Hass (o rganic) is $1.61 per unit. It has been noted that all food retailers including major supermarkets or corner shops display and sell inorganic foods with limited space provided for organic foods. The display of organic food items in the store plays an important role in attracting customers. Since, the consumer choice of organic items is limited therefore, it is important for retailers to invest in adjusting designs of their stores to display organic items clearly. All major retail markers have clearly designated areas for shelving organic items. Although, Wal-Mart has clearly placed signs for organic items, but genetically modified products are also shelved very near to organic food items, which often confuses consumers and they end buying products that are not organic. Moreover, there is a lack of marketing and advertisements of organic products in the store. In comparison, non-organic products and brands are displayed in visible areas of the store. There is a common agreement on the view that organic food items are beneficial for humans as they are free from industrial chemicals and preservatives, which increase the age of non-organic food items (Givens; Langley). However, there is a limitation to this as the shelf life of organic food items is short. Since, the supply of organic food items is slower as compared to the demand therefore it becomes difficult for stores to replenish their empty shelves. For retail stores, empty shelves are considered as their loss as unsatisfied customers shift to other retail

Wiki level English proof Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Wiki level English proof - Essay Example gic" So far, the Daogame has successfully held three investment fair, about 20 of 60 pocketgame development teams received support from Daogame investment & trading conference and got over 48 million financial support from investor. The closed matrix mode is used in time cost management and CP quality management by Daogame investment & trading conference as a leader in pocket game industry. Moreover, Daogame investment & trading conference aim at high quality service pocket game developer and investor. 1. Oydcapital aim at TMT investment project that include pocket game, mobile Internet, e-commerce. They explore value of potential and creative idea. All members of fund management team were graduated from Tsinghua and Peking University. They have a great experience overses in the relative industry. With its operational experience and accumulated in the Sino-US trade both rich industry resources and connections to make up for insufficient investment in the company, as they seek opportunities for cooperation, customer follow-up financing and mergers and acquisitions or listing opportunities. Currently, Oydcapital have invested in 20 of 50 pocket game company. Such as EGLS (3billion sold to Dragon pipe manufacture co.Ltd), Lexun, Meituan.com. 2. Newmargin Ltd. is one of the largest investment company in China was established at 21 of July 1991. In the Chinese market Newmargin produce investment mode by many years’ development and exploration. Newmargin has over 400 clients, most of them coming from IT industry. such as Sina(one of largest web portal in China), UC, Xiaomi, Vancl, Kugou(popular online music platform in China), Thunder etc. Around 50-60 organizations were listed in market by Newmargin support. 3. China Renaissance K2 Ventures is one of the angle investor in technic area. Their clients include jumei.com, Centaur.cn, zhaogang.com, meilele.com, mojichina, Meet you, lmbang, breadtrip, Airline

Development of Automatic Sunlight Tracking System

Development of Automatic Sunlight Tracking System Creations Automatic System of Tracking for Independent Concentrators of Sunlight J.Z.Akhadov1,*, A.A.Abdurahmanov1, M.S.Payzullaxanov1, A.A.Kuchkà Ã‚ °rov1, M.A.Mamatqosimov1, I.M.Saydumarov2, F.A.Giyasova2, T.S.Saidvaliev1 Abstract The new type of the solar gauge working by means of photo diodes SV-256 is developed. Thus accuracy of management of solar concentrators reception processes heated pair for development electricity and heat, and also hydrogen in a focal zone of concentrating systems completely provides. It was shown, that the system of tracking developed by us heliostat for trajectory the Sun has high accuracy. Linear changes of the center of a stain in dynamics makes only 2 mm that corresponds 30-80 angle to seconds. Such accuracy of tracking allows carrying out high-temperature researches in a focal zone of the concentrator. Keywords SolarPower Installation, Automatic System of Tracking, Solar Energy, the Solar Independent Combined Installation 1. Mirror Concentrating Systems One of problems of creation of concentrators of sunlight this maintenance of their orientation after visible movement of the Sun. Generally the problem of orientation of mirror concentrating systems (MCS) consists in maintenance of its such spatial position at which reflected from MCS beams constantly move on the receiver (see fig. 1). Figure 1. The Basic Scheme System of Tracking of Independent Solar Installations (The Sun- The Concentrator The Receiver) 1.1. Tracking Systems Till now are practically investigated accuracy of tracking MCS by means of optical gauges, including the size tolerance zones or a dead zone, together with accuracy the tracking’s provided with optical gauges, and also as a whole is investigated dynamics of change of corners of orientation MCS (including heliostat) within day and year, especially in the presence of overcast [1]. The problem consists that such solar gauges already grows old and not where in the world is not issued such gauges. Proceeding from it we developed new systems of tracking for solar installations with accuracy 1 angle/min. Such system of tracking copes very conveniently and easily. There are the following primary goals of orientation connected with two basic operating modes of system MCS the receiver. In the first scheme the receiver is established on MCS and moves together with it the mode of direct tracking and the second scheme the receiver is not connected with MCS and is usually motionless so-called heliostat operating mode MCS/1/. The literature analysis [2-3] shows, that generally for creation of control systems by orientation (tracking systems) both on the first and on the second following data are necessary for schemes: The equation of movement of object (in this case the equation of visible movement of the Sun); A range kinematic, dynamic, mechanical and accuracy characteristics of the rotary devices depending on their constructive scheme; Actually knowledge demanded accuracy and dynamic characteristics of control system MCS. Thus tracking systems can be divided on automatic and the programs the operated. The automated control system of tracking to classify to various signs: to destination, accuracy, a scope, an action principle etc. The basic problem consists that for individual using of independent solar installations is necessary simple system of tracking of the concentrator for the sun that not knowing what automatics and the computer any person operated system. For this purpose, the automated control systems of tracking of independent solar concentrators have developed the new scheme system of tracking by means of photo diodes SV-256 (fig. 2). Figure 2. Developed the Block of Management of Orientations MCS and Developed Solar the Gauge on the Basis of Photo Diodes SV-256 For maintenance specified above functions of management by orientation MCS should include following subsystems: the solar gauge, the executive mechanism providing turns MCS and including a reducer, a drive (electric motor); a control system including the block actually of management and the converter of signals, carrying out transformation and giving of signals on intensifying and executive mechanisms. 2. Solar Gauge The primary goal which the solar gauge as it has been specified above should carry out is binding MCS and its axes of rotation to local geographical to ordinates concerning which the law of movement of object of tracking (in our case of the Sun) can be usually certain. Developed by us the solar gauge consists of 4 photo diodes which is established one plate and divided into 4 blocks. 2.1. Solar Installations The developed automatic system of tracking of concentrators about accuracy 1 angle/min. also it is conducted tests in 1500 and 5000 W them solar installations. In further the developed system will be used in parabolic cylinder the concentrator the size 10ц¦10à Ã‚ ¼ (fig.3). Figure 3. A photo of the Developed Concentrator in diameter of 6 m The offered automated control system of tracking of independent solar concentrators with the new scheme of systems of tracking by means of photo diodes SV-256 has accuracy 30-80 angle. To seconds, tests are spent to 1,5 and 5 kW solar installations. 2.2. Models The solar power plant thermal capacity 1500 W consists from heliostatsand the sunlight concentrator. Heliostat directs solar beams on the concentrator in parallel in horizontal an axis. The parabolic concentrator reflects solar beams in focus. The tracking system is necessary for maintenance in focus of the concentrator of a stable power stream of a solar energy heliostat for the sun with high accuracy. Power light exposure of a focal zone of the concentrator it is possible allows to synthesize materials, and also to receive overheated steam for reception electric and thermal energy [4]. If the receiver has rather big thermal inertia its thermal mode will be close to stationary and development of energy or converter efficiency will be defined by an average for the period arrival of energy [5]. In a dynamic mode an average for the period Ï„ value of density of energy à Ã¢â‚¬ ¢efin a focal point A on an element of surface N, equally (1) where, à Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ÃŽ ² density of a direct solar stream. With certain degree of approach the average for the period in a dynamic mode can be considered a system condition as some static condition in aim position, but with the seeming, effective parameter of accuracy heft. In effect, almost in all cases of natural research of solar power plants their power parameters resulted frequently without references to accuracy of tracking and considered as objective (that is received at exact by adjust on a source), carry actually effective (dynamic) character. On fig. 4. a, b are shown experimental works a deviation of the center of a stain from a focal point Ain working conditions of system of tracking heliostat on a day trajectory of the Sun. As shows the analysis at such accuracy of tracking heliostat on the Sun trajectory, the deviation of the center of a stain from a focal point essentially does not change (fig. 5). a) b) Figure 4. Changes of a Stain in a Focal Zone 1,5 à Ã… ¡W the Solar Furnace. Figure 5. Dependence of an Angular Deviation of a Stain on a Corner of Disclosing of The Concentrator at Various Linear Deviations 3. Conclusions Experimental and settlement works have shown that the system of tracking developed by us heliostat for trajectory the Sun has high accuracy (figs 4 and 5). Linear changes of the center of a stain in dynamics makes only 2 mm that corresponds 30 80 angle to seconds. Such accuracy of tracking allows carrying out high-temperature researches in a focal zone of the concentrator.

7-Eleven Casestudy

INTRODUCTION The ability to respond quickly to the ever-changing marketplace is paramount to the success of most businesses. The convenience-store industry is a highly competitive one and 7-Eleven’s ability to become a leader market leader appears to be based on the company’s ability to quickly respond to the rapidly changing tastes and needs of the market. 7-Eleven has not always enjoyed success, especially in the 1980s when things got really bad for the company. Helped, however, arrived in the form of Ito-Yokado (the company’s Japanese Licensee).Ito-Yokado revamped the entire retailing approach of the company by introducing an innovative approach to retailing which, along with the aid of technologically advanced systems, significantly impacted 7-Eleven’s success. ANALYSIS Ito-Yokado’s innovative approach to retailing is known as â€Å"tanpin kanri† or â€Å"item-by-item management†, a business approach that revolves around the follow ing: 1. Carefully tracking and paying attention to the fine details of the buying preferences of customers 2. Allowing the customers tastes and shopping habits to dictate the products that are carried in 7-eleven stores. -Eleven has been able to simplify the process of tracking and paying very close attention to the shopping habits of their shoppers by using the information systems installed in all of their stores. USING TECHNOLOGY TO IMPACT SUPPLY CHAIN VISIBILITY, VARIABILITY AND UNCERTAINTY Technology plays a vital role in 7-Eleven’s supply chain. The company’s state-of-the-art information systems appear to have reduced the company’s supply chain risks by increasing visibility, while reducing variability and uncertainty. Supply Chain Visibility Supply Chain visibility is the ability to access relevant supply chain information.Thanks to cutting-edge technology, like the Mobile Operations terminal or MOT, 7-Eleven knows the exact amount of individual items that are sold in each of its 5,800 North American stores on a daily basis. Another technology: the MC3000 handheld scanner lets the company collect data on items as they come off delivery trucks- increasing the company’s visibility on a real-time basis. 7-Eleven’s supply chain visibility has been greatly impacted by technology as it allows the company to better predict, with great accuracy, the number of individual SKUs that each store will sell. Supply Chain VariabilitySupply chain variability involves volatility in the flow of goods and services in a supply chain. By having the right systems in place, 7-Eleven’s supply chain variability appears to have significantly decreased. The MOT system at 7-Eleven, for example, allows stores to better forecast the number of individual SKUs, resulting in decreased storage and spoilage costs; and the elimination of potential bullwhip or snowball effects. MOT has also slashed the amount of time and labour that it takes to count inventory and to order new products, causing an improvement in company efficiency and a decrease in variability.Supply chain uncertainty Supply chain uncertainty occurs when decision makers do not know what to base their decisions on (due to a lack of proper information). 7-Eleven store managers used to color code information manually physically keep track of frozen sandwiches by their written expiration dates and would sometimes make sandwiches on the premise when instructed by corporate management. Information systems now allow stores to accurately forecast the number of stock/items that need to be replenished, resulting in significantly reduced uncertainty. THE BENEFITS OF TECHNOLOGY AT 7-ELEVENTechnology has played a crucial role in increasing 7-Elevens profitability and market share. The hundreds of millions of dollars that the company has invested in technology in the past decade appear to be paying dividends in the following ways: †¢Increased profitability: Last year, t he store reported $12. 2 billion in revenues †¢Increased share prices: Company stocks have soared above $30, since trading for less than $6 in early 2003. †¢Consecutive sales increases: The company boasts 35 consecutive quarters of same-store sales increases Technology plays a crucial role in the gathering, analyzing and distribution of information at 7-eleven.While other convenience stores chains have just gotten around to POS scanning, 7-Eleven has item-by-item information gathering systems that assist in day-to-day decision making. 7-Eleven’s retail information system or RIS provides timely sales data that enables stores to tailor their product assortments to meet the demands of their customers, reducing the risks involved in introducing new products ( due to the availability of sales data within 24 hours of a product’s introduction). The 7-exchange data system for category management, which suppliers access online, provides insights that can lead to new p roducts or product packaging.The information on this system can even alert suppliers to a potential or missed opportunity. 7-Eleven’s has opened its doors to small suppliers through its Web Vendor terminal. Suppliers who cannot afford EDI use this to communicate with the company and accept orders for very specific items like ethnic items or the self-serve espresso in a Manhattan store 7-ELEVEN’S BUSINESS STRATEGY The driving force behind 7-Eleven’s success appears to be the company’s ability to execute a Customer Intimacy strategy.Customer intimacy involves targeting specific market segments, then tailoring offerings that meet the demands of these segments. Companies that excel at this are known to: 1. combine detailed customer knowledge with operational flexibility (so they can respond quickly to fulfil the needs of their customers) 2. Continuously tailor and shape their products and services (in order to fit their customers). According to Keith Morrows, 7-Eleven’s CIO and VP of information systems, â€Å"decisions about what should be in the store are best made at the store, at the moment of truth, by people in the store, on a real-time basis†.This allows the company to shape their stores around the customer’s day-to-day habits, instead of basing company decisions on focus groups, marketing research or non-scientific guesses. Pursuing a Customer Intimacy strategy can be expensive: 7-Eleven spent $93 million on technology as the company installed new HP servers, wireless LAN, computer-based training software and new ordering system for fresh foods. Customer intimate companies, however, are willing to spend in order to build long-term customer loyalty that provides lifetime value to the company.

Apprising Employees at the San Diego Zoo

Reed Nevers Chapter 8 Case study Case study 2 November 10,2012 Online Employee performance 1. The San Diego Zoological Society finally came to the realization that they needed more from their employees even though the society was nonprofit. After further research the society decided to go with a new appraisal system to evaluate their employees. They concluded it would be an online appraisal system. The strategy behind this system was to come up with a collaboration that would coincide with the organizational goals, and give the ability of the employee to set their own goals.This idea would help prevent breakdown within the system, which allows the employees to communicate on a personal basis. This system eventually lead to a merit based platform to help pay the employees' salaries. Not only did the system reach its goals it allowed those who were slightly computer illiterate to be able to add input and it allowed the employees to record their achievements. 2. Is it worth it for the s ociety to go with an online system? There are the pros and cons.For example by changing to an online system the society will be able to streamline their efforts of recruiting, reduce paperwork, while increasing a subjective base of individuals, furthermore it allows the managers to design a process that fits their needs and ideals based upon the organization's mission. On the flipside the employees have concerns about the outcome of the sample that is generated by the software. They feel that it could be biased based upon the organizational needs instead of the employee's needs. 3.I feel that the new appraisal system will allow the employee to have the opportunity to track their performance achievements throughout the year in a simple way, this process will be beneficial to them when it comes to the annual appraisal with their managers. The managers on the other hand will have the ability to track and maintain a centralized data base of information of measures to help establish a ba seline on the employee for the annual appraisal. The online system will benefit both the employee and the manager.